Q: Is the BC SPCA concerned about fish farming?

The BC SPCA considers fish to be sentient , capable of experiencing negative emotions such as pain and fear. We are therefore concerned about a number of welfare issues that can arise on fish farms. Examples include: Overcrowding Poor water quality Disease transmission Stressful handling, transport and slaughter procedures Humane treatment for fish -- as for other farmed animals -- means providing proper nutrition, veterinary care and a safe, clean and comfortable low-stress environment. Those responsible for managing fish farms should ensure that animal welfare is an integral part of every aspect of production every day. Learn more about fish farming in Canada . The BC SPCA supports the development of welfare-focused minimum standards for aquaculture, and are pleased to see Canada's first-ever Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farmed Salmonids released in 2021. The BC SPCA will continue to advocate for improved animal welfare standards with each update.

Question 1

​What are the Five Freedoms?

Anna Tilley · Accepted Answer

The BC SPCA believes that all animals should enjoy, as a minimum, five essential freedoms, which were first described by the Farm Animal Welfare Council of the UK:

Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom from distress
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom to express behaviours that promote well-being

Happy mixed breed dog lying down being pet by smiling woman

What does animal welfare mean?

The objectives of the BC SPCA are to prevent cruelty and to promote the welfare of animals. Animal welfare means an animal's quality of life, and it is affected by animals' physical health and the feelings they experience. Animals experience good welfare when they are able to experience positive feelings (arising from pleasurable activities and the fulfillment of behavioural needs) and when they are free from poor physical health and negative feelings (such as pain, discomfort, hunger, thirst, fear and frustration). Animals that are healthy, pain-free, comfortable and unstressed are said to have good welfare.

Close up shot of cute wild common barn owl with sideways tilted head

Question 2

​How does the BC SPCA help horses?

Anna Tilley · Accepted Answer

Horses and farm animals come into the BC SPCA’s care through our Animal Protection Services. Sadly, these horses are usually in poor condition. In many cases they require extensive nutritional, medical, and behavioural rehabilitation due to starvation, neglect and abuse.

The BC SPCA cares for these horses in one of our three barn facilities: the Good Shepherd Barn in Surrey, the Kelowna Recovery and Adoption Barn, and the Nanaimo Seasted Stables, or places them in the care of an experienced foster home. The BC SPCA provides the care, treatment and time these horses need to recover before being adopted to new homes.

To adopt a horse or any other animal from the BC SPCA, please visit our adoptions page. The BC SPCA does not have the resources to take in surrendered horses and farm animals at this time.

We rely heavily on donations and our dedicated foster homes and boarding facilities to provide for the horses in our care.

Our Science & Policy team advocates to protect and enhance the quality of life for all animals in British Columbia, including horses, through education and advocacy initiatives. We work to increase awareness of animal welfare issues, promote individual actions that lead to positive change, and press for evidence-based changes to standards, policies, and legislation to improve the lives of horses.

person walking with horse outside

Question 3

Is the BC SPCA concerned about fish farming?

Meghann Cant · Accepted Answer

The BC SPCA considers fish to be sentient, capable of experiencing negative emotions such as pain and fear. We are therefore concerned about a number of welfare issues that can arise on fish farms. Examples include:

Overcrowding
Poor water quality
Disease transmission
Stressful handling, transport and slaughter procedures

Humane treatment for fish -- as for other farmed animals -- means providing proper nutrition, veterinary care and a safe, clean and comfortable low-stress environment. Those responsible for managing fish farms should ensure that animal welfare is an integral part of every aspect of production every day. Learn more about fish farming in Canada. The BC SPCA supports the development of welfare-focused minimum standards for aquaculture, and are pleased to see Canada's first-ever Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farmed Salmonids released in 2021. The BC SPCA will continue to advocate for improved animal welfare standards with each update.

Question 4

Can I adopt a mini pig from the BC SPCA?

Brandy Street · Accepted Answer

To adopt a pig or any other animal from the BC SPCA, please visit our adoptions page. But before you adopt a pig, please consider the diversity of pig needs, which are much different from the needs of a pet dog or cat. For example:

How big should you expect a mini pig to actually grow?
What type of housing do pigs require?
Are pigs compatible with other pets?
What do pigs eat?
Who will be your pig's vet, and does your local vet accept pig patients?
Should you get a pet pig spayed or neutered?
What type of house-training is required?
What costs are involved?

Get the answer to these and other important questions on our pet pig information page.

Question 5

How do I adopt chickens from the BC SPCA?

Brandy Street · Accepted Answer

To adopt a chicken or any other animal from the BC SPCA, please visit our adoptions page. But before you decide to raise your own backyard chickens, please consider the following:

Does your municipality allow the keeping of backyard chickens?
What do chickens eat? What should you feed to chickens?
Do you have access to suitable veterinary care in your community?
What do you plan to do with your chickens once they stop laying eggs?
How will you protect your chickens from bad weather and natural predators?
What are you going to do with all that chicken poo?
What are the risks associated with owning chickens?

Get the answer to these and other important questions on our backyard chickens information page.

Question 6

I need help finding higher-welfare food

Kristen Jakub · Accepted Answer

The BC SPCA works to empower consumers to choose higher-welfare food products, and recognizes farmers who make a difference for how farmed animals are raised. With so many different food labels, it can be hard to know which ones truly have a positive impact on farmed animals. Here's how you can keep farmed animal welfare at the top of your grocery list! Download and print our informational brochure on meat, egg, and dairy labels to use while shopping.

BEST: Choose a certified label

The animal welfare certification programs listed below are dedicated to improving the lives of farmed animals by driving consumer demand for higher-welfare food choices. These programs not only benefit farmed animals around the world, but also benefit consumers as they can buy with confidence. The following programs:

Certify farms that raise farmed animals to higher standards of animal welfare than the minimum Codes of Practice
Verifies their standards are being met through inspections of farms, carried out by independent auditors
Provide transparency to consumers as their standards are posted online for public viewing

Animal Welfare Approved

Guarantees animals are raised outdoors on pasture or range for their entire lives
Requires audited high-welfare production, transport and slaughter practices
Animals must be able to behave naturally and be in a state of physical and psychological well-being

Animal Welfare Certified

Defines good farmed animal welfare as consisting of health and productivity, natural living, and emotional well-being
Uses a tiered labelling strategy, signaling to consumers how the animals were raised
The higher the number, the more the animal's environment mimics a natural environment

Certified Humane

Standards apply to farmed animals from birth to slaughter; farms and slaughter facilities are audited
Animals are never kept in cages, crates or tie-stalls
Animals are free to do what comes naturally

Organic

Focus is on natural production
Does include some animal welfare provisions, including outdoor access for farmed animals, but animal welfare is not the main focus of this certification

GOOD: Animal welfare labels

Although these labels are not certified or regulated, they do demonstrate consumer demand for higher-welfare products. Cage-free: Animals are not housed in cages. Cage-free labels are usually seen on egg cartons and applies to egg-laying hens. This label can also apply to pork. Although pigs are typically raised in groups, the parent breeding pigs are often housed in crates or stalls, so the label 'crate-free' or 'stall-free' may be seen. Free-run: Animals are raised cage-free and indoors. This label only has meaning for egg-laying hens, not turkeys or chickens raised for meat. It is standard practice for all Canadian turkeys and broiler chickens to be raised free-run. Learn more about the free-run label here. If you see this label on pork, be sure to ask whether this label applies to the parent pigs. It is standard practice for young pigs to be raised in groups, but the breeding parents are often housed in crates or stalls. [caption id="attachment_80063" align="aligncenter" width="825"]

From left to right: caged laying hens, free-run laying hens (cage-free), free-range laying hens (cage-free)[/caption] [caption id="attachment_80692" align="aligncenter" width="825"]

Breeding female pigs housed in gestation stalls (left), breeding female pigs raised cage-free with outdoor access (right)

Breeding female pigs housed in gestation stalls (left) and stall-free (right)[/caption] [caption id="attachment_6100" align="aligncenter" width="825"]

Free-run meat chickens. This is the standard housing system for chickens raised for meat.[/caption] Free-range: Animals are raised cage-free with outdoor access when the weather is good. The quality of the outdoor area varies widely and the amount of time the animals get to spend outdoors is not monitored. If you see this label on pork, be sure to ask whether the parent pigs are housed in stalls/crates, or if they are allowed to roam outside too. Pasture-raised / Pastured: Animals are raised cage-free outdoors on pasture. It is important to note that this label does not necessarily mean that the animals spent their whole lives on pasture. Grass-fed, or grass-fed and finished: Animals have access to pasture and a diet made up of forages (grass and hay). It is important to note that the grass-fed label does not mean the animal was fed grasses for the entirety of its life. If you see the grass-fed label used on beef or sheep products, be sure to ask if they were 100% grass-fed and finished, meaning they were raised solely on grass, never grains. Some animals are raised on pasture then sent to a feedlot where they are fed grains or corn to fatten them up before slaughter. Grain/corn is not a natural diet for cattle and sheep and can lead to a host of animal welfare problems, like severe gut pain. [caption id="attachment_80092" align="aligncenter" width="825"]

Cattle in a feedlot (left) and cattle on pasture (right)[/caption]

AVOID: Misleading claims

Avoid claims that imply animal welfare benefits but actually provide little or no improvements, and no certification to verify the claim. Such labels include:

- All-natural/naturally-raised
- Farm/country fresh
- Enriched colony, Comfort Coop or nest-laid eggs
- Animal-friendly
- Non-medicated
- Antibiotic-free
- Hormone-free
- Vegetable-fed
- Grain-fed
- Born-3 (Omega-3) eggs
- Animal Care Certified
  - Farms meet the minimum animal care requirements outlined in the Canadian Codes of Practice, therefore animals are not raised to higher standards

Learn about the top five most misleading food labels.

What are you paying for?

By purchasing higher-welfare foods, you avoid conventional farming systems, which can have many animal welfare issues. You are choosing to support animal welfare benefits such as:

- Cage-free systems
- Enriching environments
- Expression of natural animal behaviours
- Transparency in animal production
- Any many more

What can you do?

Look for an animal welfare certification
Talk to your local grocer and ask for certified products to be available in store
Choose "GOOD" products when certified products are unavailable
Avoid purchasing products raised using inhumane practices (e.g. caged eggs, foie gras)
Shop your local farmers' market, ask questions, and visit the farms when possible

Subscribe to FarmSense newsletter

FarmSense is delivered four times a year and includes news about farmed animal welfare and updates on what the BC SPCA is doing to help further animal welfare in Canada. [code_snippet id=16]

Question 7

​What are generally accepted practices of animal management?

Brandy Street · Accepted Answer

B.C.'s Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (PCA Act) outlines generally accepted practices of animal management as a reason by which distress is legally acceptable. Generally accepted practices of animal management are ways of handling or caring for animals that are commonly used by those responsible for them. Sometimes these practices still cause pain, suffering and distress to animals. If the practices haven't been written down in any official document, it is up to experts like veterinarians and leaders in the relevant industry (such as animal farming, sled dogs, animal breeding or horse racing) to give expert testimony in court when there is an animal neglect or cruelty case. Animals are better represented when practices are written and agreed to by a committee of experts that includes animal welfare experts. We call these documents 'standards' or 'Codes of Practice'. In Canada, the National Farm Animal Care Council coordinates the development of the Codes of Practice for the care and handling of farm animals. The Codes of Practice are nationally developed guidelines that serve as our national understanding of animal care requirements and recommended practices. In 2019, the Codes of Practice were included in provincial law - through the adoption of the Animal Care Codes of Practice Regulation under the PCA Act. This means that the Codes of Practice for some industries now serve as the minimum standard for what is considered to be a 'reasonable and generally accepted practice' of farmed animal care in B.C. For example, science shows that castrating (neutering) cattle is painful at any age. However, the Code of Practice only requires farmers to use pain control on animals over six months of age. Despite the fact that castrating without pain control causes pain and distress, farmers cannot be charged with animal cruelty for this distress because this is a 'generally accepted practice'. In order to better protect animals, it is important to continue to strengthen standards and Codes of Practice, so that generally accepted practices better align with science and societal values of how we should treat animals. Read more about laws for farmed animals.

Question 8

​What do Canada's organic standards mean for animal welfare?

Brandy Street · Accepted Answer

The Canadian Organic Standards (COS) outline requirements for organic farmers. The goal of organic production is for farming to be sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, there are also a variety of welfare benefits for animals on organic farms. The Codes of Practice for farmed animal care in Canada outline the minimum expectations for all farmers. The COS goes beyond this, making it a good choice for farmed animal welfare. Animals on organic farms must have access to more space, the outdoors, and environments that encourage natural behaviours. Organic farms are also independently inspected to ensure the standards are being met. These are not requirements for conventional Canadian farms.

A 2020 update of the standards included important improvements for animal welfare:

Outdoor areas for chickens and turkeys must have shade and protection from predators
Laying hens must have access to an enriched verandah whenever they are unable to go outside
Perches for laying hens must be designed for hen comfort
Greater space requirements for sheep and goats
Dehorning cattle is no longer permitted
Phase-out of tie-stalls for dairy cattle by December 2030
Improved requirements for outdoor areas for pigs

See a full summary of animal welfare improvements (PDF) The BC SPCA is committed to improving welfare standards for animals living on organic farms in Canada. Every five years, the COS is reviewed and updated to ensure the standards reflect new research and society's expectations. The BC SPCA participates as a member of the revision committee. We also encourage our supporters to take part in the public comment period for the draft standards.

Question 9

Is the BC SPCA a vegan organization?

Kristen Jakub · Accepted Answer

The BC SPCA is an animal welfare organization committed to protecting and enhancing the lives of animals. The BC SPCA is not a vegan organization. The BC SPCA's focus is preventing cruelty to and promoting the welfare of animals. We picture a world where all animals have the Five Freedoms, which animals need to live good lives. For farmed animals, the BC SPCA enforces existing laws and advocates for improved laws and standards. We also support independent inspections to ensure laws and standards are followed. The BC SPCA's supporters, volunteers, and staff are united in our concern for animals and our desire to create a better life for animals. We work with people who have a wide range of views. Our shared goal of eliminating animal suffering allows us to make progress. We acknowledge that barriers currently exist to ensuring higher standards for farmed animals. These include the affordability and accessibility of higher-welfare foods and plant-based options. Everyone has the ability to influence the lives of animals through their choices. We celebrate any action any individual takes to prevent suffering. We support consumers who choose higher-welfare foods and plant-based options. We support farmers who change their practices to improve the welfare of animals on their farm. We support the citizen who calls on government for stronger animal welfare standards. We support and empower each person to do what they can to improve the lives of animals. This approach is reflected in our organizational Food Policy. The policy ensures:

Vegan and vegetarian foods are available, and
If animal products are served at BC SPCA events or meetings, they are higher welfare

This enables all our supporters, volunteers, and staff to eat food that aligns with their values and respects the BC SPCA's commitment to improving the lives of farmed animals. Learn more about the BC SPCA's farmed animal advocacy work. Cow grazing in a pasture

Question 10

​Can I adopt a horse from the BC SPCA?

Brandy Street · Accepted Answer

Yes, you can adopt horses from the BC SPCA. Horses come into the care of the BC SPCA through our Animal Protection Services work. These horses are rehabilitated on-site at the Surrey Good Shepherd Barn, the Kelowna Recovery & Adoption Barn, the Nanaimo Seasted Stables, or in foster homes across the province. Interested in fostering horses? Apply to become a foster home online.

Horses that are available for adoption are listed on our adoptions page. Viewings are by appointment. A completed adoption application and a home check are required as part of the adoption process.

Adoption fees vary from $250 to $750, or more. Basic medical exams are performed by a veterinarian when horses are in our care; however, it is recommended that potential adopters carry out pre-purchase exams when considering horse adoption.

Search for horses now

Question 11

​How does the BC SPCA improve the lives of farm animals?

Brandy Street · Accepted Answer

The BC SPCA recognizes and values the interconnectedness people share with all animals. As an animal welfare organization, we acknowledge that many Canadians rely on domesticated farm animals for food. Therefore, we work to increase public awareness about farm animal welfare issues, promote individual actions that lead to improved farm animal welfare, and press for evidence-based changes to provincial and national laws. Our farm programming improves the quality of life of animals being raised on farms to ensure they reach the end of their lives as peacefully as possible. We encourage people who choose a diet consisting of meats, dairy products or eggs to choose only products raised to the highest standards of animal welfare. Learn more about farm animal programming at the BC SPCA and how you can take action and get involved.

Question 12

​How much does caring for horses cost the BC SPCA?

Anna Tilley · Accepted Answer

It costs the BC SPCA $40 per day to care for a horse. In addition to this, there are other costs of care:

Intake exam and blood work when necessary: $250+
Hoof trimming every 4-6 weeks: $60 per trim
Internal and external parasite treatment/control: $35
Castration of intact male horses: $500-$1000
Other medical care/medications as needed

Horse at the BC SPCA's Good Shepherd barn in Surrey.

Question 13

​Does the BC SPCA condone ritual slaughter? (e.g. halal, kosher)

Brandy Street · Accepted Answer

The BC SPCA supports the initiative to establish evidence-based standards and clear expectations for slaughter without prior stunning. Nonetheless, since slaughter without prior stunning has been scientifically demonstrated to cause unnecessary suffering, the BC SPCA's position is that governments should take more substantial action by eliminating the practice in Canada, or at the very least, by requiring immediate post-cut stunning of every animal. The BC SPCA believes that the methods used to kill any animal must be humane. Read more about the BC SPCA’s position on humane killing and farm animal welfare. Ritual slaughter practices are legally permitted under B.C.’s and Canada’s meat processing laws. They are also effectively exempt from prosecution under the B.C. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, as they constitute “reasonable and generally accepted practices” under the Act. We will continue to fight for stronger standards to prevent suffering of these animals, including pushing for third-party monitoring and inspection of slaughter facilities.